APPENDIX III

SUMMARY OF CHANGES MADE TO 1988 TERRAIN MANUAL

Texture:

The symbol ($), silt, has been changed to (z).

Surface Expression:

Symbols have been added for mantle of variable thickness (w) and thin veneer (x).

Geomrphological Processes:

A symbol has been added for surface seepage (L).

Stratigraphic Symbol:

The symbol (/) can now be used to denote discontinuous coverage of the uppermost surficial material in a stratigraphic symbol, e.g.,.

Subclasses for Slope Processes:

Subclasses that may be used with mass movement and snow avalanche symbols (-F, -R, and -A) have been added:

Process	Symbol	Example
initiation zone for mass movement	(")	Rs-R"b
major avalanche tracks	(f)	Cv-Af
minor avalanche tracks	(m)	Cv-Am
mixed major and minor avalanche tracks	(w)	Cv-Aw
old avalanche tracks	(o)	Cv-Ao

Subclasses for Fluvial Processes:

Subclasses that may be used with the fluvial process symbols (-B, -I, -J, and -M) have been added:

Process	Symbol	Example
progressive bank erosion	(u)	F^Ap-Mu
abrupt channel diversion; avulsion	(a)	F^Ap-Ba
backchannels	(b)	F^Ap-Ib
permanent river-fed backchannels	(p)	F^Ap-Jp
ephemeral river-fed backchannels	(e)	F^Ap-Je
spring-fed backchannels	(s)	F^Ap-Ms
permanent tributary-fed backchannels	(t)	F^Ap-Mt
ephemeral, tributary-fed backchannels	(r)	F^Ap-Mr

Subclasses for Permafrost Processes

Subclasses that may be used with the permafrost and periglacial symbols (-X, and -Z) have been added:

Process	Symbol	Example
palsas and peat plateaus	(p)	Op-Xp
thermokarst: subsidence	(t)	Lu-Xt
thermokarst: thermal erosion by water	(e)	Lu-Xe
thaw flow sides	(f)	zCv-Xf
ice-wedge polygons	(w)	mWp-Xw
patterned ground	(r)	Cvb-Zr

Subclasses for Bedrock:

See Subclasses and Subtypes.

Use of Superscripts:

Normal uppercase letters and normal numbers can be used instead of superscripts for computer-drafted maps and databases.

Examples:
F^Ap is equivalent to FAp
F^Gh is equivalent to FGh
⁶Mb⁴Cv is equivalent to 6Mb4Cv

Changes in terminology:

The changes listed below have been made to update terrain terminology and minimize the length of the terms.

Surficial Materials replaces Surficial (Genetic) Materials.

Geomorphological Processes replaces Geological (Modifying) Processes.

Qualifiers replaces Qualifying Descriptors.

Subclass replaces Subclass Modifier for processes that have standard definitions within the Terrain Classification System, such as subclasses for slope processes and fluvial processes.

Subtypes replaces Subclass Modifier for processes and materials that do not have standard definitions within the Terrain Classification System, such as subdivisions of surficial material (e.g., till types: M1, M2, M3...).

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APPENDIX III

SUMMARY OF CHANGES MADE TO 1988 TERRAIN MANUAL

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