Appendix 2.1 Codes for Soil Orders, Great Groups and Subgroups

Brunisolic Order
Melanic Brunisol MB Orthic O.MB Eluviated E.MB Gleyed GL.MB Gleyed Eluviated GLE.MB	Sombric Brunisol SB Orthic O.SB Eluviated E.SB Duric DU.SB Gleyed GL.SB Gleyed Eluviated GLE.SB
Eutric Brunisol EB Orthic O.EB Eluviated E.EB Gleyed GL.EB Gleyed Eluviated GLE.EB	Dystric Brunisol DYB Orthic O.DYB Eluviated E.DYB Duric DU.DYB Gleyed GL.DYB Gleyed Eluviated GLE.DYB

Chernozemic Order
Brown Chernozem BC Orthic O.BC Rego R.BC Calcareous CA.BC Eluviated E.BC Solonetzic SZ.BC Vertic V.BC Gleyed GL.BC Gleyed Rego GLR.BC Gleyed Calcareous GLA.BC Gleyed Eluviated GLE.BC Gleyed Solonetzic GLSZ.BC Gleyed Vertic GLV.BC	Black Chernozem BLC Orthic O.BLC Rego R.BLC Calcareous CA.BLC Eluviated E.BLC Solonetzic SZ.BLC Vertic V.BLC Gleyed GL.BLC Gleyed Rego GLR.BLC Gleyed Calcareous GLCA.BLC Gleyed Eluviated GLE.BLC Gleyed Solonetzic GLSZ.BLC Gleyed Vertic GLV.BLC
Dark Brown Chernozem DBC Orthic O.DBC Rego R.DBC Calcareous CA.DBC Eluviated E.DBC Solonetzic SZ.DBC Gleyed GL.DBC Gleyed Rego GLR.DBC Gleyed Calcareous GLCA.DBC Gleyed Eluviated GLE.DBC Gleyed Solonetzic GLSZ.DBC	Dark Gray Chernozem DGC Orthic O.DGC Rego R.DGC Calcareous CA.DGC Solonetzic SZ.DGC Vertic V.DGC Gleyed GL.DGC Gleyed Rego GLR.DGC Gleyed Calcareous GLCA.DGC Gleyed Solonetzic GLSZ.DGC Gleyed Vertic GLV.DGC

Cryosolic Order
Turbic Cryosol TC Orthic Eutric OE.TC Orthic Dystric OD.TC Brunisolic Eutric BRE.TC Brunisolic Dystric BRD.TC Histic Eutric HE.TC Histic Dystric HD.TC Luvisolic L.TC Regosolic R.TC Gleysolic GL.TC	Organic Cryosol OC Fibric FI.OC Mesic ME.OC Humic HU.OC Terric Fibric TFI.OC Terric Mesic TME.OC Terric Humic THU.OC Glacic GC.OC
Static Cryosol SC Orthic Eutric OE.SC Orthic Dystric OD.SC Brunisolic Eutric BRE.SC Brunisolic Dystric BRD.SC Histic Eutric HE.SC Histic Dystric HD.SC Luvisolic L.SC Gleysolic Static Cryosol GL.SC Regosolic Static Cryosol R.SC

Gleysolic Order
Luvic Gleysol LG Solonetzic SZ.LG Fragic FR.LG Humic HU.LG Fera FE.LG Orthic O.LG Vertic V.LG	Gleysol G Solonetzic SZ.G Fera FE.G Orthic O.G Rego R.G Vertic V.G
Humic Gleysol HG Solonetzic SZ.HG Fera FE.HG Orthic O.HG Rego R.HG Vertic V.HG

Luvisolic Order
Gray Brown Luvisol GBL Orthic O.GBL Brunisolic BR.GBL Podzolic PZ.GBL Vertic V.GBL Gleyed GL.GBL Gleyed Brunisolic GLBR.GBL Gleyed Podzolic GLPZ.GBL Gleyed Vertic GLV.GBL	Gray Luvisol GL Orthic O.GL Dark D.GL Brunisolic BR.GL Podzolic PZ.GL Solonetzic SZ.GL Fragic FR.GL Vertic V.GL Gleyed GL.GL Gleyed Dark GLD.GL Gleyed Brunisolic GLBR.GL Gleyed Podzolic GLPZ.GL Gleyed Solonetzic GLSZ.GL Gleyed Fragic GLFR.GL Gleyed Vertic GLV.GL

Organic Order
Fibrisol F Typic TY.F Mesic ME.F Humic HU.F Limnic LM.F Cumulic CU.F Terric T.F Terric Mesic TME.F Terric Humic THU.F Hydric HY.F	Humisol H Typic TY.H Fibric FI.H Mesic ME.H Limnic LM.H Cumulic CU.H Terric T.H Terric Fibric TFI.H Terric Mesic TME.H Hydric HY.H
Mesisol M Typic TY.M Fibric FI.M Humic HU.M Limnic LM.M Cumulic CU.M Terric T.M. Terric Fibric TFI.M Terric Humic THU.M Hydric HY.M	Folisol FO Hemic HE.FO Humic HU.FO Lignic LI.FO Histic HI.FO

Podzolic Order
Humic Podzol HP Orthic O.HP Ortstein OT.HP Placic P.HP Duric DU.HP Fragic FR.HP	Humo-Ferric Podzol HFP Orthic O.HFP Ortstein OT.HFP Placic P.HFP Duric DU.HFP Fragic FR.HFP Luvisolic LU.HFP Sombric SM.HFP Gleyed GL.HFP GleyedOrtstein GLOT.HFP Gleyed Sombric GLSM.HFP
Ferro-Humic Podzol FHP Orthic O.FHP Ortstein OT.FHP Placic P.FHP Duric DU.FHP Fragic FR.FHP Luvisolic LU.FHP Sombric SM.FHP Gleyed GL.FHP Gleyed Ortstein GLOT.FHP Gleyed Sombric GLSM.FHP

Regosolic Order
Regosol R Orthic O.R Cumulic CU.R Gleyed GL.R Gleyed Cumulic GLCU.R	Humic Regosol HR Orthic O.HR Cumulic CU.HR Gleyed GL.HR Gleyed Cumulic GLCU.HR

Solonetzic Order
Solonetz SZ Brown B.SZ Dark Brown DB.SZ Black BL.SZ Alkaline A.SZ Gleyed Brown GLB.SZ Gleyed Dark Brown GLDB.SZ Gleyed Black GLBL.SZ	Solod SO Brown B.SO Dark Brown DB.SO Black BL.SO Dark Gray DG.SO Gray G.SO Gleyed Brown GLB.SO Gleyed Dark Brown GLDB.SO Gleyed Black GLBL.SO Gleyed Dark Gray GLDG.SO Gleyed Gray GLG.SO
Solodized Solonetz SS Brown B.SS Dark Brown DB.SS Black BL.SS Dark Gray DG.SS Gray G.SS Gleyed Brown GLB.SS Gleyed Dark Brown GLDB.SS Gleyed Black GLBL.SS Gleyed Dark Gray GLDG.SS Gleyed Gray GLG.SS

Vertisolic
Vertisol V Orthic O.V Gleyed GL.V Gleysolic GLC.V	Humic Vertisol HV Orthic O.HV Gleyed GL.HV Gleysolic GLC.HV

Appendix 2.2 Key to Soil Orders

Key to Soil Orders (Soil Classification Working Group 1998)
A.	Soils that have permafrost within 100 cm of the surface, or 200 cm if strongly cryoturbated.
	........................... Cryosolic Order
B.	Other soils with:
1.		Organic horizons (more than 17% organic C by mass) that extend from the surface to one of the following:
	A depth of 60 cm or more if the surface layer is fibric material (Of) having a bulk density of < 0.075 g/cm3. A depth of 40 cm or more if the surface layer consists of mesic or humic material (Om or Oh) having a bulk density > 0.075 g/cm3. A depth of more than 40 cm if composed of folic materials (L, F, and H), or at least 10 cm if a lithic contact or fragmental materials are present. Folic materials must be more than twice the thickness of a mineral soil layer if the mineral layer is less than 20 cm thick. OR
2.	One or more mineral horizons or layers within 40 cm of the surface in addition to the organic horizons (O) as follows:
	If a mineral horizon or layer thinner than 40 cm occurs at the surface, the underlying organic horizon or horizons must have a total thickness of at least 40 cm. If one or more mineral horizons or layers occur within 40 cm of the surface, the organic material must occupy more than 40 cm of the upper 80 cm of the control section.
	............................. Organic Order
C.	Other soils that have both a vertic horizon and a slickenside horizon, the top of which occurs within 1 m of the surface.
	........................... Vertisolic Order
D.	Other soils that have a podzolic B horizon and do not have a Bt horizon within 50 cm of the mineral surface.
	............................. Podzolic Order
E.	Other soils that are saturated with water and under reducing conditions either continuously or during some period of the year as indicated either by direct measurements of the water table and the oxidation-reduction status, or by any of the following morphological features within 50 cm of the mineral surface:
1.	For all but red soil materials (hue 5YR or redder and colour fades slowly on dithionite treatment).
	Chromas of 1 or less, without mottles, on ped surfaces or in the matrix if peds are lacking in materials that develop higher chromas under oxidizing conditions. Chromas of 2 or less, in hues of 10YR and 7.5YR, on ped surfaces or in the matrix if peds are lacking, accompanied by prominent mottles. Chromas of 3 or less, in hues yellower than 10YR, on ped surfaces or in the matrix if peds are lacking, accompanied by prominent mottles. Hues bluer than 10Y, with or without mottles, on ped surfaces or in the matrix if peds are lacking.
	......................Gleysolic Order
2.	Other soils that have a solonetzic B horizon.
	.................... Solonetzic Order
F.	Other soils that have a chernozemic A horizon and any one of the following:
	No Ae horizon. A weakly expressed Ae horizon (Aej) with a dry colour value lower than 5. An Ae horizon thinner than an overlying Ah or Ap horizon that does not appear to be eluviated. An Ae horizon not more than 5 cm thick if the chernozemic A is eluviated (Ahe), as indicated by grey streaks and splotches when the soil is dry.
	............... Chernozemic Order
G.	Other soils that have a Bt horizon.
	................... Luvisolic Order
H.	Other soils that have either Bm, Btj, or Bfj horizons at least 5 cm thick, or a Bf horizon less than 10 cm in thickness.
	................... Brunisolic Order
I.	Other soils.
	................... Regosolic Order

Appendix 2.3 Key to Humus Forms

Key to Humus Forms

1a.	Well to imperfectly drained sites; humus form not saturated for prolonged periods
2a.		Combined thickness of F and H horizons > 2 cm if Ah < 2 cm
3a.			> 50% thickness of F horizon(s) is Fm ................. MORS (R)
4a.				Decaying wood > 35% of organic matter volume in humus form profile .. Lignomor (LR)
4b.				Decaying wood < 35% of organic matter volume in humus form profile
				5a. F horizon > 50% of thickness of F and H horizon .......................... Hemimor (HR) 5b. Hh horizon > 50% of thickness of F and H horizons .......................Humimor (UR) 5c. Hr horizon > 50% of thickness of F and H horizons ....................... Resimor (RR)
3b.			F horizon(s) includes Fz and/or Fa ................................................ MODERS (D)
6a. 6b.				Decaying wood > 35% of organic matter volume in humus form profile. Lignomoder (LD) Decaying wood < 35% of organic matter volume in humus form profile
				7a. Fa horizon > 50% of thickness of F horizons; or Fm horizon present .Mormoder (RD) 7b. Fz horizon > 50% of thickness of F horizons
					8a. 8b.	F and H horizons greater than or equal to thickness of Ah horizon .Leptomoder (TD) F and H horizons less than thickness of Ah horizon ......................Mullmoder (MD)
2b.		Combined thickness of F and H horizons < 2 cm and Ah horizon > 2cm ...... MULLS (L)
9a. 9b.			Rhizogenous Ah horizon formed from decomposition of dense fine roots .....Rhizomull (ZL) Zoogenous Ah horizon formed through actions of abundant earthworms ......Vermimull (VL)
1b.	Poor to very poorly drained sites; humus form saturated for prolonged periods
10a. 10b.			Combined thickness of F, H, and O horizons < 2 cm and Ah horizon > 2 cm. Hydromull (YL) Combined thickness of F, H, and O horizons > 2 cm if Ah < 2 cm
11a.				Thickness of F and H horizons > O horizons
					12a. 12b.	F horizon(s) is Fm ......................... Hydromor (YR) F horizon(s) includes Fz and/or Fa ....................... Hydromoder (YD)
11b.				Combined thickness of O horizons greater than F and H horizons
					13a. 13b. 13c.	Of horizon > 50% of thickness of O horizons .................... Fibrimor (FR) Om horizon > 50% of thickness of O horizons ................. Mesimor (MR) Oh horizon > 50% of thickness of O horizons ................Saprimoder (SD)

Appendix 2.4 Key to Soil Texture

Soil texture field tests

Graininess Test: Rub the soil between your fingers. If sand is present, it will feel "grainy." Determining whether sand constitutes more or less than 50% of the sample is the first decision in the key.

Moist Cast Test: Compress some moist soil by clenching it in your hand. If the soil holds together (i.e., forms a "cast"), then test the durability of the cast by tossing it from hand to hand. The more durable it is, the more clay is present.

Stickiness Test: Moisten the soil thoroughly and compress it between thumb and forefinger. Determine degree of stickiness by noting how strongly the soil adheres to the thumb and forefinger when pressure is released, and how much it stretches. Stickiness increases with clay content.

Worm Test: Roll some moist soil between the palms of your hands to form the longest, thinnest worm possible. The more clay present, the longer, thinner and more durable the worm will be.

Taste Test (Not recommended due to health concerns): Work a small amount of moist soil between your front teeth. Silt particles are distinguished as fine "grittiness," unlike sand which is distinguished as individual grains (i.e., graininess). Clay has no grittiness.

Well-decomposed organic matter imparts silt-like properties to the soil. However, when subjected to the taste test, it feels non-gritty. It is generally very dark in colour when moist or wet, and stains the hands brown or black. This organic matter is not used as a determinant of soil texture; an estimate of the silt content of humus-enriched mineral soils should be reduced accordingly.

Soapiness Test: Work a small amount of wet soil between your thumb and fingers. Silt feels slick and not too sticky (i.e., clay) or grainy (i.e., sand); the greater the dominance of a slick feel, the greater the silt content.

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