OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1) Quaternary Time Scales
Oxygen isotope stages:
Emiliani, C. and Shackleton, N. J., 1974. The Brunhes Epoch: isotopic paleotemperatures and geochronology; Science, 183, P. 51 1-514.
Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D.1973. Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28-238: oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a 105 year and 106 year scale; Quaternary Research, 3, p. 39-55.
Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D.1976. Oxygen-isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific core V28-239: Late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene; In: investigation of Late Quaternary Paleooceanography and Paleoclimatology, R. M. Cline and J. D. Hays, Editors; Geological Society of America, Memoir 145, p. 449-464.
Framework for Canadian Quaternary Stratigraphy:
Fulton, R. J. 1989. Foreword; In: Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland, R. J. Fulton, Editor; Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada no.1. (Table 2)
2) Wentworth Scale for Particle Size Classification
The Wentworth particle size classification, or grade scale, was proposed by C. K. Wentworth (1922) after the older Udden grade scale. It supplies quantitative definitions for terms such as "boulder" and "sand grain" that describe individual particles, and for terms that refer to aggregates of particles, such as "boulder gravel" and "sand". It remains the grade scale that is most commonly used by geologists and geomorphologists, although somewhat different particle size classifications are used by soil scientists and engineers. The "Phi scale" is a commonly-used modification of the Wentworth system that allows the use of simple whole numbers for class boundaries by applying the logarithmic transform: phi = -log2d, where d is the particle diameter.
The British Columbia terrain classification system (Howes and Kenk, 1988; Section 12) uses Wentworth size classes for the definition of all boundaries for textural classes except the silt-clay boundary, which is set at 0.002 mm, following the Canadian soil classification system. Under the Wentworth system, the silt-clay boundary is 0.004 mm (1/256 mm). Information about "hand texturing", the determination of the sand-silt-clay content of fine sediments by hand tests, is included in Howes and Kenk (1988). The Wentworth scale is described in most physical geology and sedimentology text books and reference books, e.g., Carver (1987).
Carver, R. E. 1978. Wentworth Scale, in: The Encyclopedia of Sedimentology, R. W. Fairbridge and Bourgeois, J., Editors, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pa., p.872-873.
Wentworth, C. K., 1922. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments; Journal of Geology, 30: 377-392.
3) Unified Soil Classification
This system of soil (i.e., clastic sediment) classification was developed by A. Casagrande (1948) and utilized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1953) and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (1974). Today it is commonly used by engineers in many countries, including Canada. Coarse textured soils (gravels, sand) are classified according to their particle sizes and particle size distribution. Finer soils are classified as "silt" or "clay" according to their plasticity-compressibility characteristics as determined by consistency tests. Preliminary estimates of soil characteristics for many engineering purposes can be made from tables keyed to the unified soil classes (Van Horn, 1968, reproduced in Costa and Baker, 1981, p. 237-238.). A guide to the field classification of soils (after U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1953) is also presented in Costa and Baker (1981, p. 210-211); laboratory procedures for classification are given in ASTM (1980).
ASTM (American Society for Testing of Materials), 1980. 1980 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part
19; ANSI/ASTM D 2487 - 69.
Casagrande, A. 1948. Classification and Identification of Soils; American Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, 113, p. 901 -991.
Costa, J. E. and Baker, V. R. 1981. Surficial Geology, Building with the Earth; John Wiley and Sons, New York, Toronto, 498 p.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1953. The Unified Soil Classification System; U.S. Army Technical Memorandum, No.3-357.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1974. Earth Manual; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 810 p.
Van Horn, R. 1968. Physical Property and Construction Use Data Sheet for Surficial Deposits; Association of Engineering Geologists Bulletin, 5, p. 18-22.
4) Lithofacies Code
This coding system (Eyles et al., 1983) permits the rapid field description of clastic sediments ranging from well sorted sands and gravels to diamictons. The code is based largely on non-genetic terms that describe texture and structure. It is particularly useful for the rapid or detailed logging of sections or core.
Eyles, N., Eyles, C. H. and Miall, A. D. 1983. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models; an alternative approach to the description and environmental interpretation of glacial diamict and diamictite sequences; Sedimentology, 30, p. 393-410.
5) Stratigraphic Code for North America
The code consists of recommendations for the classification and naming of stratigraphic Units. "The prime purpose is (i) to formulate a usefully comprehensive, yet explicit statement of principles and practices for classifying and naming stratigraphic units, and (ii) to secure the greatest possible uniformity in applying these principles and practices."
International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification, 1976. International Stratigraphic Guide, Hedberg, H.D., Editor; John Wiley and Sons, New York, 200 p.
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1983. North American Stratigraphic Code;
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 67, p. 841 -875.
6) Index of Terrain and Surficial Geology Maps for British Columbia
This publication lists about 2000 surficial geology/terrain maps for B.C. Lists are arranged by NTS map areas, by agencies producing the maps, and by types of maps. A series of maps of the province, showing areas that have been mapped by various agencies at various scales, is also included. This publication is currently under revision and will be updated from time to time. The map index will be available on disk for the second edition.
Bobrowsky, P. T., Giles, T. and Jackaman, W., 1992. Surficial Geology Map Index of British Columbia; B. C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Open File 1992- 13.
7) Bibliography of Quaternary Geoscience Information for British Columbia
This bibliography lists published papers, monographs, maps, theses, and readily available manuscript reports concerned with various aspects of the Quaternary Period in B.C. Lists are arranged alphabetically by author, and by subject headings, such as engineering and environmental geology, geochemistry, geochronology, glaciology, hydrology, regional physiography, seismology, soils, and maps.
Clague, J. J., 1987. Bibliography of Quaternary Geoscience Information for British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1448.
8) References to Standard Analytical Procedures
The Encyclopedia of Sedimentology (Fairbridge and Bourgeois, 1978) contains usefuI descriptions of methods for particle size analysis and other analyses of clastic sediments. See under headings such as "Grain Size Studies", "Granulometric Analysis", Roundness and Sphericity", and "Sedimentological Methods". Additional geochemical analytical procedures appear in Lett (1995).
Fairbridge, R. W. and Bourgeois, J. (Editors) 1978. The Encyclopedia of Sedimentology; Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg.
Lett, 1995. Analytical Methods for Drift Samples; In: Drift Exploration in the Canadian Cordillera, Bobrowsky, P.T., Sibbick, S.J., Newell, J. and Matysek, P.F., Editors, B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1995-2, p. 215-228.
9) Miscellaneous
Fulton, R.J. (Compiler). 1995. Surficial Materials of Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1 880A, scale 1:S,000,000.
Maurice, L. 1988. Status of Quaternary geology mapping in Canada with bibliography, Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1 704A, scale 1 :7,500,00.
Tarnocai, C., Kettles, I.M. and Ballard, M. 1995. Peatlands of Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3152, scale 1:6,000,000.
Permafrost of Canada, 1995. National Atlas of Canada, 5~ Edition, Geological Survey of Canada, scale 1 :7,500,000.